Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexander the Great-8.txt)
Sent 1: As Philip marched south, his opponents blocked him near Chaeronea, Boeotia.
Sent 2: During the ensuing Battle of Chaeronea, Philip commanded the right wing and Alexander the left, accompanied by a group of Philip's trusted generals.
Sent 3: According to the ancient sources, the two sides fought bitterly for some time.
Sent 4: Philip deliberately commanded his troops to retreat, counting on the untested Athenian hoplites to follow, thus breaking their line.
Sent 5: Alexander was the first to break the Theban lines, followed by Philip's generals.
Sent 6: Having damaged the enemy's cohesion, Philip ordered his troops to press forward and quickly routed them.
Sent 7: With the Athenians lost, the Thebans were surrounded.
Sent 8: Left to fight alone, they were defeated.
Sent 9: After the victory at Chaeronea, Philip and Alexander marched unopposed into the Peloponnese, welcomed by all cities; however, when they reached Sparta, they were refused, but did not resort to war.
Sent 10: At Corinth, Philip established a "Hellenic Alliance" (modeled on the old anti-Persian alliance of the Greco-Persian Wars), which included most Greek city-states except Sparta.
Sent 11: Philip was then named Hegemon (often translated as "Supreme Commander") of this league (known by modern scholars as the League of Corinth), and announced his plans to attack the Persian Empire.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexis de Tocqueville-31.txt)
Sent 1: Alexis de Tocqueville and Gustave de Beaumont in America: Their Friendship and Their Travels edited by Oliver Zunz, translated by Arthur Goldhammer (University of Virginia Press; 2011) 698 pages; Includes previously unpublished letters, essays, and other writings Du systeme penitentaire aux Etats-Unis et de son application en France (1833) - On the Penitentiary System in the United States and Its Application to France, with Gustave de Beaumont.
Sent 2: De la democratie en Amerique (1835/1840) - Democracy in America.
Sent 3: It was published in two volumes, the first in 1835, the second in 1840.
Sent 4: English language versions: Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans.
Sent 5: and eds., Harvey C. Mansfield and Delba Winthrop, University of Chicago Press, 2000; Tocqueville, Democracy in America (Arthur Goldhammer, trans.; Olivier Zunz, ed.) (The Library of America, 2004) ISBN 978-1-931082-54-9.
Sent 6: L'Ancien Regime et la Revolution (1856) - The Old Regime and the Revolution.
Sent 7: It is Tocqueville's second most famous work.
Sent 8: Recollections (1893) - This work was a private journal of the Revolution of 1848.
Sent 9: He never intended to publish this during his lifetime; it was published by his wife and his friend Gustave de Beaumont after his death.
Sent 10: Journey to America (1831-1832) - Alexis de Tocqueville's travel diary of his visit to America; translated into English by George Lawrence, edited by J-P Mayer, Yale University Press, 1960; based on vol.
Sent 11: V, 1 of the OEuvres Completes of Tocqueville.
Sent 12: L'Etat social et politique de la France avant et depuis 1789 - Alexis de Tocqueville Memoir On Pauperism: Does public charity produce an idle and dependant class of society?
Sent 13: (1835) originally published by Ivan R. Dee.
Sent 14: Inspired by a trip to England.
Sent 15: One of Tocqueville's more obscure works.
Sent 16: Journeys to England and Ireland 1835

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexander Pushkin-0.txt)
Sent 1: Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (/'pUSkIn/; Russian: Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin, tr.
Sent 2: Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin; IPA: [aljI'ksandr sjI'rgjejIvjItc 'puskjIn]; 6 June [O.S. 26 May] 1799 - 10 February [O.S. 29 January] 1837) was a Russian author of the Romantic era who is considered by many to be the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature.
Sent 3: Pushkin was born into Russian nobility in Moscow.
Sent 4: His matrilineal great grandfather was Abram Gannibal, who was brought over as a slave from what is now Cameroon.
Sent 5: Pushkin published his first poem at the age of fifteen, and was widely recognized by the literary establishment by the time of his graduation from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.
Sent 6: While under the strict surveillance of the Tsar's political police and unable to publish, Pushkin wrote his most famous play, the drama Boris Godunov.
Sent 7: His novel in verse, Eugene Onegin, was serialized between 1825 and 1832.
Sent 8: Notoriously touchy about his honour, Pushkin fought as many as twenty-nine duels, and was fatally wounded in such an encounter with Georges-Charles de Heeckeren d'Anthes.
Sent 9: Pushkin had accused D'Anthes, a French officer serving with the Chevalier Guard Regiment of attempting to seduce the poet's wife, Natalya Pushkina.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexander the Great-48.txt)
Sent 1: Alexander's body was laid in a gold anthropoid sarcophagus that was filled with honey, which was in turn placed in a gold casket.
Sent 2: According to Aelian, a seer called Aristander foretold that the land where Alexander was laid to rest "would be happy and unvanquishable forever".
Sent 3: Perhaps more likely, the successors may have seen possession of the body as a symbol of legitimacy, since burying the prior king was a royal prerogative.
Sent 4: While Alexander's funeral cortege was on its way to Macedon, Ptolemy seized it and took it temporarily to Memphis.
Sent 5: His successor, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, transferred the sarcophagus to Alexandria, where it remained until at least late Antiquity.
Sent 6: Ptolemy IX Lathyros, one of Ptolemy's final successors, replaced Alexander's sarcophagus with a glass one so he could convert the original to coinage.
Sent 7: The recent discovery of an enormous tomb in northern Greece, at Amphipolis, dating from the time of Alexander the Great has given rise to speculation that its original intent was to be the burial place of Alexander.
Sent 8: This would fit with the intended destination of Alexander's funeral cortege.
Sent 9: Pompey, Julius Caesar and Augustus all visited the tomb in Alexandria, where Augustus, allegedly, accidentally knocked the nose off.
Sent 10: Caligula was said to have taken Alexander's breastplate from the tomb for his own use.
Sent 11: Around AD 200, Emperor Septimius Severus closed Alexander's tomb to the public.
Sent 12: His son and successor, Caracalla, a great admirer, visited the tomb during his own reign.
Sent 13: After this, details on the fate of the tomb are hazy.
Sent 14: The so-called "Alexander Sarcophagus", discovered near Sidon and now in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum, is so named not because it was thought to have contained Alexander's remains, but because its bas-reliefs depict Alexander and his companions fighting the Persians and hunting.
Sent 15: It was originally thought to have been the sarcophagus of Abdalonymus (died 311 BC), the king of Sidon appointed by Alexander immediately following the battle of Issus in 331.
Sent 16: However, more recently, it has been suggested that it may date from earlier than Abdalonymus' death.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles-paragraphs-wikiAlbert Camus-0.txt)
Sent 1: Albert Camus (French: [albeR kamy]; 7 November 1913 - 4 January 1960) was a French Nobel Prize winning author, journalist, and philosopher.
Sent 2: His views contributed to the rise of the philosophy known as absurdism.
Sent 3: He wrote in his essay The Rebel that his whole life was devoted to opposing the philosophy of nihilism while still delving deeply into individual freedom.
Sent 4: Camus did not consider himself to be an existentialist despite usually being classified as one, even in his lifetime.
Sent 5: In a 1945 interview, Camus rejected any ideological associations: "No, I am not an existentialist.
Sent 6: Sartre and I are always surprised to see our names linked...".
Sent 7: Camus was born in Algeria to a Pied-Noir family, and studied at the University of Algiers.
Sent 8: In 1949, Camus founded the Group for International Liaisons to "denounce two ideologies found in both the USSR and the USA".

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexander Pushkin-3.txt)
Sent 1: Born in Moscow, Pushkin published his first poem at the age of fifteen.
Sent 2: By the time he finished school as part of the first graduating class of the prestigious Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo near Saint Petersburg, his talent was already widely recognized within the Russian literary scene.
Sent 3: After school, Pushkin plunged into the vibrant and raucous intellectual youth culture of the capital, Saint Petersburg.
Sent 4: In 1820 he published his first long poem, Ruslan and Lyudmila, amidst much controversy about its subject and style.
Sent 5: Pushkin gradually became committed to social reform and emerged as a spokesman for literary radicals.
Sent 6: This angered the government, and led to his transfer from the capital (1820).
Sent 7: He went to the Caucasus and to the Crimea, then to Kamenka and Chisinau, where he became a Freemason.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles-paragraphs-wikiAlbrecht Durer-31.txt)
Sent 1: Appended to the last book, however, is a self-contained essay on aesthetics, which Durer worked on between 1512 and 1528, and it is here that we learn of his theories concerning 'ideal beauty'.
Sent 2: Durer rejected Alberti's concept of an objective beauty, proposing a relativist notion of beauty based on variety.
Sent 3: Nonetheless, Durer still believed that truth was hidden within nature, and that there were rules which ordered beauty, even though he found it difficult to define the criteria for such a code.
Sent 4: In 1512/13 his three criteria were function ('Nutz'), naive approval ('Wohlgefallen') and the happy medium ('Mittelmass').
Sent 5: However, unlike Alberti and Leonardo, Durer was most troubled by understanding not just the abstract notions of beauty but also as to how an artist can create beautiful images.
Sent 6: Between 1512 and the final draft in 1528, Durer's belief developed from an understanding of human creativity as spontaneous or inspired to a concept of 'selective inward synthesis'.
Sent 7: In other words, that an artist builds on a wealth of visual experiences in order to imagine beautiful things.
Sent 8: Durer's belief in the abilities of a single artist over inspiration prompted him to assert that "one man may sketch something with his pen on half a sheet of paper in one day, or may cut it into a tiny piece of wood with his little iron, and it turns out to be better and more artistic than another's work at which its author labours with the utmost diligence for a whole year."

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexander II of Russia-7.txt)
Sent 1: Soon after the conclusion of peace, important changes were made in legislation concerning industry and commerce, and the new freedom thus afforded produced a large number of limited liability companies.
Sent 2: Plans were formed for building a great network of railways, partly for the purpose of developing the natural resources of the country, and partly for the purpose of increasing its power for defense and attack.
Sent 3: The existence of serfdom was tackled boldly, taking advantage of a petition presented by the Polish landed proprietors of the Lithuanian provinces and, hoping that their relations with the serfs might be regulated in a more satisfactory way (meaning in a way more satisfactory for the proprietors), he authorized the formation of committees "for ameliorating the condition of the peasants," and laid down the principles on which the amelioration was to be effected.
Sent 4: This step had been followed by one even more significant.
Sent 5: Without consulting his ordinary advisers, Alexander ordered the Minister of the Interior to send a circular to the provincial governors of European Russia (serfdom was rare in other parts), containing a copy of the instructions forwarded to the Governor-General of Lithuania, praising the supposed generous, patriotic intentions of the Lithuanian landed proprietors, and suggesting that perhaps the landed proprietors of other provinces might express a similar desire.
Sent 6: The hint was taken: in all provinces where serfdom existed, emancipation committees were formed.
Sent 7: The emancipation was not merely a humanitarian question capable of being solved instantaneously by imperial ukase.
Sent 8: It contained very complicated problems, deeply affecting the economic, social and political future of the nation.
Sent 9: Alexander had to choose between the different measures recommended to him and decide if the serfs would become agricultural laborers dependent economically and administratively on the landlords or if the serfs would be transformed into a class of independent communal proprietors.
Sent 10: The emperor gave his support to the latter project, and the Russian peasantry became one of the last groups of peasants in Europe to shake off serfdom.
Sent 11: The architects of the emancipation manifesto were Alexander's brother Konstantin, Yakov Rostovtsev, and Nikolay Milyutin.
Sent 12: On 3 March 1861, 6 years after his accession, the emancipation law was signed and published.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexander Hamilton-46.txt)
Sent 1: The only home Hamilton ever owned was a Federal style mansion designed by John McComb Jr., which he built on his 32-acre country estate in Hamilton Heights in upper Manhattan.
Sent 2: He named the house, which was completed in 1802, the "Grange" after his grandfather Alexander's estate in Ayrshire, Scotland.
Sent 3: The house remained in the family until 1833 when his widow sold it to Thomas E. Davis, a British born real estate developer, for $25,000.
Sent 4: Part of the proceeds were used by Eliza to purchase a new townhouse from Davis (Hamilton-Holly House) in Greenwich Village with her son Alexander.
Sent 5: The Grange, first moved from its original location in 1889, was moved again in 2008 to a spot in St. Nicholas Park on land that was once part of the Hamilton estate, in Hamilton Heights, a neighborhood in upper Manhattan.
Sent 6: The historic structure was restored to its original 1802 appearance in 2011, and is maintained by the National Park service as Hamilton Grange National Memorial.
Sent 7: Alexander Hamilton served as one of the first trustees of the Hamilton-Oneida Academy in New York state.
Sent 8: Later the Academy received a college charter in 1812, and the school was formally renamed Hamilton College.Columbia University, Hamilton's alma mater, has official memorials to Hamilton on its campus in New York City.
Sent 9: The college's main classroom building for the humanities is Hamilton Hall, and a large statue of Hamilton stands in front of it.
Sent 10: The university press has published his complete works in a multivolume letterpress edition.
Sent 11: Columbia University's student group for ROTC cadets and Marine officer candidates is named the Alexander Hamilton Society.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexis de Tocqueville-12.txt)
Sent 1: Tocqueville asserted that the values that had triumphed in the North and were present in the South had begun to suffocate old-world ethics and social arrangements.
Sent 2: Legislatures abolished primogeniture and entails, resulting in more widely distributed land holdings.
Sent 3: This was a contrast to the general aristocratic pattern in which only the eldest child, usually a man, inherited the estate, which had the effect of keeping large estates intact from generation to generation.
Sent 4: In America, in contrast, landed elites were less likely to pass on fortunes to a single child by the action of primogeniture, which meant that as time went by, large estates became broken up within a few generations which, in turn, made the children more equal overall.
Sent 5: It was not always a negative development, according to Joshua Kaplan's interpretation of Tocqueville, since bonds of affection and shared experience between children often replaced the more formal relation between the eldest child and the siblings, characteristic of the previous aristocratic pattern.
Sent 6: Overall, in the new democracies, hereditary fortunes became exceedingly difficult to secure and more people were forced to struggle for their own living.
Sent 7: This rapidly democratizing society, as Tocqueville understood it, had a population devoted to "middling" values which wanted to amass, through hard work, vast fortunes.
Sent 8: In Tocqueville's mind, this explained why America was so different from Europe.
Sent 9: In Europe, he claimed, nobody cared about making money.
Sent 10: The lower classes had no hope of gaining more than minimal wealth, while the upper classes found it crass, vulgar, and unbecoming of their sort to care about something as unseemly as money; many were virtually guaranteed wealth and took it for granted.
Sent 11: At the same time in America, workers would see people fashioned in exquisite attire and merely proclaim that through hard work they too would soon possess the fortune necessary to enjoy such luxuries.
Sent 12: Despite maintaining with Aristotle, Montesquieu, and others that the balance of property determined the balance of power, Tocqueville argued that, as America showed, equitable property holdings did not ensure the rule of the best men.
Sent 13: In fact, it did quite the opposite.
Sent 14: The widespread, relatively equitable property ownership which distinguished America and determined its mores and values also explained why the American masses held elites in such contempt.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles-paragraphs-wikiAlbert Einstein-22.txt)
Sent 1: To make certain the U.S. was aware of the danger, in July 1939, a few months before the beginning of World War II in Europe, Szilard and Wigner visited Einstein to explain the possibility of atomic bombs, which Einstein, a pacifist, said he had never considered.
Sent 2: He was asked to lend his support by writing a letter, with Szilard, to President Roosevelt, recommending the U.S. pay attention and engage in its own nuclear weapons research.
Sent 3: A secret German facility, apparently the largest of the Third Reich, covering 75 acres in an underground complex, was being re-excavated in Austria in December 2014 and may have been planned for use in nuclear research and development.
Sent 4: The letter is believed to be "arguably the key stimulus for the U.S. adoption of serious investigations into nuclear weapons on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II".
Sent 5: In addition to the letter, Einstein used his connections with the Belgian Royal Family and the Belgian queen mother to get access with a personal envoy to the White House's Oval Office.
Sent 6: President Roosevelt could not take the risk of allowing Hitler to possess atomic bombs first.
Sent 7: As a result of Einstein's letter and his meetings with Roosevelt, the U.S. entered the "race" to develop the bomb, drawing on its "immense material, financial, and scientific resources" to initiate the Manhattan Project.
Sent 8: It became the only country to successfully develop an atomic bomb during World War II.
Sent 9: For Einstein, "war was a disease ... [and] he called for resistance to war."
Sent 10: By signing the letter to Roosevelt he went against his pacifist principles.
Sent 11: In 1954, a year before his death, Einstein said to his old friend, Linus Pauling, "I made one great mistake in my life--when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there was some justification--the danger that the Germans would make them ..."

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexander the Great-38.txt)
Sent 1: After the death of Spitamenes and his marriage to Roxana (Roshanak in Bactrian) to cement relations with his new satrapies, Alexander turned to the Indian subcontinent.
Sent 2: He invited the chieftains of the former satrapy of Gandhara, in the north of what is now Pakistan, to come to him and submit to his authority.
Sent 3: Omphis(Indian name Ambhi Kumar), the ruler of Taxila, whose kingdom extended from the Indus to the Hydaspes (Jhelum), complied, but the chieftains of some hill clans, including the Aspasioi and Assakenoi sections of the Kambojas (known in Indian texts also as Ashvayanas and Ashvakayanas), refused to submit.
Sent 4: Ambhi hastened to relieve Alexander of his apprehension and met him with valuable presents, placing himself and all his forces at his disposal.
Sent 5: Alexander not only returned Ambhi his title and the gifts but he also presented him with a wardrobe of "Persian robes, gold and silver ornaments, 30 horses and 1000 talents in gold".
Sent 6: Alexander was emboldened to divide his forces, and Ambhi assisted Hephaestion and Perdiccas in constructing a bridge over the Indus where it bends at Hund (Fox 1973), supplied their troops with provisions, and received Alexander himself, and his whole army, in his capital city of Taxila, with every demonstration of friendship and the most liberal hospitality.
Sent 7: On the subsequent advance of the Macedonian king, Taxiles accompanied him with a force of 5000 men and took part in the battle of the Hydaspes River.
Sent 8: After that victory he was sent by Alexander in pursuit of Porus, to whom he was charged to offer favourable terms, but narrowly escaped losing his life at the hands of his old enemy.
Sent 9: Subsequently, however, the two rivals were reconciled by the personal mediation of Alexander; and Taxiles, after having contributed zealously to the equipment of the fleet on the Hydaspes, was entrusted by the king with the government of the whole territory between that river and the Indus.
Sent 10: A considerable accession of power was granted him after the death of Philip, son of Machatas; and he was allowed to retain his authority at the death of Alexander himself (323 BC), as well as in the subsequent partition of the provinces at Triparadisus, 321 BC.
Sent 11: In the winter of 327/326 BC, Alexander personally led a campaign against these clans; the Aspasioi of Kunar valleys, the Guraeans of the Guraeus valley, and the Assakenoi of the Swat and Buner valleys.
Sent 12: A fierce contest ensued with the Aspasioi in which Alexander was wounded in the shoulder by a dart, but eventually the Aspasioi lost.
Sent 13: Alexander then faced the Assakenoi, who fought in the strongholds of Massaga, Ora and Aornos.
Sent 14: The fort of Massaga was reduced only after days of bloody fighting, in which Alexander was wounded seriously in the ankle.
Sent 15: According to Curtius, "Not only did Alexander slaughter the entire population of Massaga, but also did he reduce its buildings to rubble".
Sent 16: A similar slaughter followed at Ora.
Sent 17: In the aftermath of Massaga and Ora, numerous Assakenians fled to the fortress of Aornos.
Sent 18: Alexander followed close behind and captured the strategic hill-fort after four bloody days.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles-paragraphs-wikiAlbania-75.txt)
Sent 1: Before the establishment of the People's Republic, Albania's illiteracy rate was as high as 85%.
Sent 2: Schools were scarce between World War I and World War II.
Sent 3: When the People's Republic was established in 1945, the Party gave high priority to wiping out illiteracy.
Sent 4: As part of a vast social campaign, anyone between the ages of 12 and 40 who could not read or write was mandated to attend classes to learn.
Sent 5: By 1955, illiteracy was virtually eliminated among Albania's adult population.
Sent 6: Today the overall literacy rate in Albania is 98.7%; the male literacy rate is 99.2% and female literacy rate is 98.3%.
Sent 7: With large population movements in the 1990s to urban areas, the provision of education has undergone transformation as well.
Sent 8: The University of Tirana is the oldest university in Albania, having been founded in October 1957.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles-paragraphs-wikiAlbrecht Durer-9.txt)
Sent 1: The Venetian artist Jacopo de' Barbari, whom Durer had met in Venice, visited Nuremberg in 1500, and Durer said that he learned much about the new developments in perspective, anatomy, and proportion from him.
Sent 2: De' Barbari was unwilling to explain everything he knew, so Durer began his own studies, which would become a lifelong preoccupation.
Sent 3: A series of extant drawings show Durer's experiments in human proportion, leading to the famous engraving of Adam and Eve (1504), which shows his subtlety while using the burin in the texturing of flesh surfaces.
Sent 4: This is the only existing engraving signed with his full name.
Sent 5: Durer made large numbers of preparatory drawings, especially for his paintings and engravings, and many survive, most famously the Betende Hande (English: Praying Hands, c.
Sent 6: 1508 Albertina, Vienna), a study for an apostle in the Heller altarpiece.
Sent 7: He also continued to make images in watercolour and bodycolour (usually combined), including a number of still lifes of meadow sections or animals, including his Young Hare (1502) and the Great Piece of Turf (1503, both also Albertina).

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexander Pope-23.txt)
Sent 1: Modern criticism of Pope focuses on the man, his circumstances and motivations, prompted by theoretical perspectives such as Marxism, feminism and other forms of post-structuralism.
Sent 2: Brean Hammond focuses on Pope's singular achievement in making an independent living solely from his writing.
Sent 3: Laura Brown (1985) adopts a Marxist approach and accuses Pope of being an apologist for the oppressive upper classes.
Sent 4: Hammond (1986) has studied Pope's work from the perspectives of cultural materialism and new historicism.
Sent 5: Along Hammond's lines, Raymond Williams explains art as a set of practices influenced by broad cultural factors rather than simply the vague ideas of genius alone.
Sent 6: Hayden Carruth, wrote that it was "Pope's rationalism and pandeism with which he wrote the greatest mock-epic in English literature."
Sent 7: In Politics and Poetics of Transgression (1985) Peter Stallybrass and Allon White charge that Pope drew upon the low culture which he despised in order to produce his own "high art".
Sent 8: They assert Pope was implicated in the very material he was attempting to exclude, not dissimilar to observations made in Pope's time.
Sent 9: Colin Nicholson reads the poetry in terms of the Financial Revolution, showing how Pope responded to the corruption of the traditional 'landed interest' by the newly dominant 'moneyed interest'.
Sent 10: Feminists have also criticised Pope's works.
Sent 11: Ellen Pollak's The Poetics of Sexual Myth (1985) argues that Pope followed an anti-feminist tradition, that regarded women as inferior to men both intellectually and physically.
Sent 12: Carolyn Williams contends that a crisis in the male role during the 18th century in Britain impacted Pope and his writing.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles-paragraphs-wikiAlbert Einstein-20.txt)
Sent 1: In October 1933 Einstein returned to the U.S. and took up a position at the Institute for Advanced Study (in Princeton, New Jersey), noted for having become a refuge for scientists fleeing Nazi Germany.
Sent 2: At the time, most American universities, including Harvard, Princeton and Yale, had minimal or no Jewish faculty or students, as a result of their Jewish quota which lasted until the late 1940s.
Sent 3: Einstein was still undecided on his future.
Sent 4: He had offers from several European universities, including Oxford where he stayed for three short periods between May 1931 and June 1933, however in 1935 he arrived at the decision to remain permanently in the United States and apply for citizenship.
Sent 5: Einstein's affiliation with the Institute for Advanced Study would last until his death in 1955.
Sent 6: He was one of the four first selected (two of the others being John von Neumann and Kurt Godel) at the new Institute, where he soon developed a close friendship with Godel.
Sent 7: The two would take long walks together discussing their work.
Sent 8: Bruria Kaufman, his assistant, later became a physicist.
Sent 9: During this period, Einstein tried to develop a unified field theory and to refute the accepted interpretation of quantum physics, both unsuccessfully.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexander II of Russia-19.txt)
Sent 1: The explosion, while killing one of the Cossacks and seriously wounding the driver and people on the sidewalk, had only damaged the bulletproof carriage, a gift from Napoleon III of France.
Sent 2: The emperor emerged shaken but unhurt.
Sent 3: Rysakov was captured almost immediately.
Sent 4: Police Chief Dvorzhitsky heard Rysakov shout out to someone else in the gathering crowd.
Sent 5: The surrounding guards and the Cossacks urged the emperor to leave the area at once rather than being shown the site of the explosion.
Sent 6: Nevertheless, a second young member of the Narodnaya Volya, Ignacy Hryniewiecki, standing by the canal fence, raised both arms and threw something at the emperor's feet.
Sent 7: He was alleged to have shouted, "It is too early to thank God".
Sent 8: Dvorzhitsky was later to write:

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexis de Tocqueville-0.txt)
Sent 1: Alexis-Charles-Henri Clerel de Tocqueville (French: [aleksi SaRl aRi kleRel d@ tokvil]; 29 July 1805 - 16 April 1859) was a French political thinker and historian best known for his works Democracy in America (appearing in two volumes: 1835 and 1840) and The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856).
Sent 2: In both of these, he analyzed the improved living standards and social conditions of individuals, as well as their relationship to the market and state in Western societies.
Sent 3: Democracy in America was published after Tocqueville's travels in the United States, and is today considered an early work of sociology and political science.
Sent 4: Tocqueville was active in French politics, first under the July Monarchy (1830-1848) and then during the Second Republic (1849-1851) which succeeded the February 1848 Revolution.
Sent 5: He retired from political life after Louis Napoleon Bonaparte's 2 December 1851 coup, and thereafter began work on The Old Regime and the Revolution.
Sent 6: He argued that the importance of the French Revolution was to continue the process of modernizing and centralizing the French state which had begun under King Louis XIV.
Sent 7: The failure of the Revolution came from the inexperience of the deputies who were too wedded to abstract Enlightenment ideals.
Sent 8: Tocqueville was a classical liberal who advocated parliamentary government, but was skeptical of the extremes of democracy.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexander the Great-54.txt)
Sent 1: Alexander earned the epithet "The Great" due to his unparalleled success as a military commander.
Sent 2: He never lost a battle, despite typically being outnumbered.
Sent 3: This was due to use of terrain, phalanx and cavalry tactics, bold strategy, and the fierce loyalty of his troops.
Sent 4: The Macedonian phalanx, armed with the sarissa, a spear 6 metres (20 ft) long, had been developed and perfected by Philip II through rigorous training, and Alexander used its speed and maneuverability to great effect against larger but more disparate Persian forces.
Sent 5: Alexander also recognized the potential for disunity among his diverse army, which employed various languages and weapons.
Sent 6: He overcame this by being personally involved in battle, in the manner of a Macedonian king.
Sent 7: In his first battle in Asia, at Granicus, Alexander used only a small part of his forces, perhaps 13,000 infantry with 5,000 cavalry, against a much larger Persian force of 40,000.
Sent 8: Alexander placed the phalanx at the center and cavalry and archers on the wings, so that his line matched the length of the Persian cavalry line, about 3 km (1.86 mi).
Sent 9: By contrast, the Persian infantry was stationed behind its cavalry.
Sent 10: This ensured that Alexander would not be outflanked, while his phalanx, armed with long pikes, had a considerable advantage over the Persian's scimitars and javelins.
Sent 11: Macedonian losses were negligible compared to those of the Persians.
Sent 12: At Issus in 333 BC, his first confrontation with Darius, he used the same deployment, and again the central phalanx pushed through.
Sent 13: Alexander personally led the charge in the center, routing the opposing army.
Sent 14: At the decisive encounter with Darius at Gaugamela, Darius equipped his chariots with scythes on the wheels to break up the phalanx and equipped his cavalry with pikes.
Sent 15: Alexander arranged a double phalanx, with the center advancing at an angle, parting when the chariots bore down and then reforming.
Sent 16: The advance was successful and broke Darius' center, causing the latter to flee once again.
Sent 17: When faced with opponents who used unfamiliar fighting techniques, such as in Central Asia and India, Alexander adapted his forces to his opponents' style.
Sent 18: Thus, in Bactria and Sogdiana, Alexander successfully used his javelin throwers and archers to prevent outflanking movements, while massing his cavalry at the center.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexis de Tocqueville-29.txt)
Sent 1: In his 1847 Report on Algeria, Tocqueville declared that Europe should avoid making the same mistake they made with the European colonization of the Americas in order to avoid the bloody consequences.
Sent 2: More particularly he reminds his countrymen of a solemn caution whereby he warns them that if the methods used towards the Algerian people remain unchanged, colonization will end in a blood bath.
Sent 3: Tocqueville includes in his report on Algeria that the fate of their soldiers and finances depended on how the French government treats the various native populations of Algeria, including the various Arab tribes, independent Kabyles living in the Atlas Mountains, and the powerful political leader Abd-el-Kader.
Sent 4: In his various letters and essays on Algeria, Tocqueville discusses contrasting strategies by which a European country can approach imperialism.
Sent 5: In particular, the author differentiates between what he terms 'dominance' and a particular version of 'colonization'.
Sent 6: The latter stresses the obtainment and protection of land and passageways that promise commercial wealth.
Sent 7: In the case of Algeria, the Port of Algiers, and the control over the Strait of Gibraltar, were considered by Tocqueville to be particular valuable.
Sent 8: Direct control of the political operations of the entirety of Algeria, however, was not.
Sent 9: Thus the author stresses domination over only certain points of political influence as a means to colonization of commercially valuable areas.
Sent 10: Tocqueville argued that domination via violent means, though unpleasant, is necessary for colonization and justified by the laws of war.
Sent 11: Such laws are not discussed in detail; however, given that the goal of the French mission in Algeria was to obtain commercial and military interest as opposed to self-defense, it can be deduced that Tocqueville would not concur with Just war theory's jus ad bellum criteria of just cause.
Sent 12: Further, given that Tocqueville approved of the use of force to eliminate civilian housing in enemy territory, his approach does not accord with Just War Theory's jus in bellow criteria of proportionality and discrimination.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexander the Great-30.txt)
Sent 1: From Babylon, Alexander went to Susa, one of the Achaemenid capitals, and captured its legendary treasury.
Sent 2: He sent the bulk of his army to the Persian ceremonial capital of Persepolis via the Royal Road.
Sent 3: Alexander himself took selected troops on the direct route to the city.
Sent 4: He had to storm the pass of the Persian Gates (in the modern Zagros Mountains) which had been blocked by a Persian army under Ariobarzanes and then hurried to Persepolis before its garrison could loot the treasury.
Sent 5: On entering Persepolis, Alexander allowed his troops to loot the city for several days.
Sent 6: Alexander stayed in Persepolis for five months.
Sent 7: During his stay a fire broke out in the eastern palace of Xerxes and spread to the rest of the city.
Sent 8: Possible causes include a drunken accident or deliberate revenge for the burning of the Acropolis of Athens during the Second Persian War.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles-paragraphs-wikiAlbrecht Durer-20.txt)
Sent 1: As for engravings, Durer's work was restricted to portraits and illustrations for his treatise.
Sent 2: The portraits include Cardinal-Elector Albert of Mainz; Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony; the humanist scholar Willibald Pirckheimer; Philipp Melanchthon, and Erasmus of Rotterdam.
Sent 3: For those of the Cardinal, Melanchthon, and Durer's final major work, a drawn portrait of the Nuremberg patrician Ulrich Starck, Durer depicted the sitters in profile, perhaps reflecting a more mathematical approach.
Sent 4: Despite complaining of his lack of a formal classical education, Durer was greatly interested in intellectual matters and learned much from his boyhood friend Willibald Pirckheimer, whom he no doubt consulted on the content of many of his images.
Sent 5: He also derived great satisfaction from his friendships and correspondence with Erasmus and other scholars.
Sent 6: Durer succeeded in producing two books during his lifetime.
Sent 7: "The Four Books on Measurement" were published at Nuremberg in 1525 and was the first book for adults on mathematics in German, as well as being cited later by Galileo and Kepler.
Sent 8: The other, a work on city fortifications, was published in 1527.
Sent 9: "The Four Books on Human Proportion" were published posthumously, shortly after his death in 1528.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles-paragraphs-wikiAlbrecht Durer-28.txt)
Sent 1: In architecture Durer cites Vitruvius but elaborates his own classical designs and columns.
Sent 2: In typography, Durer depicts the geometric construction of the Latin alphabet, relying on Italian precedent.
Sent 3: However, his construction of the Gothic alphabet is based upon an entirely different modular system.
Sent 4: The fourth book completes the progression of the first and second by moving to three-dimensional forms and the construction of polyhedra.
Sent 5: Here Durer discusses the five Platonic solids, as well as seven Archimedean semi-regular solids, as well as several of his own invention.
Sent 6: In all these, Durer shows the objects as nets.
Sent 7: Finally, Durer discusses the Delian Problem and moves on to the 'construzione legittima', a method of depicting a cube in two dimensions through linear perspective.
Sent 8: It was in Bologna that Durer was taught (possibly by Luca Pacioli or Bramante) the principles of linear perspective, and evidently became familiar with the 'costruzione legittima' in a written description of these principles found only, at this time, in the unpublished treatise of Piero della Francesca.
Sent 9: He was also familiar with the 'abbreviated construction' as described by Alberti and the geometrical construction of shadows, a technique of Leonardo da Vinci.
Sent 10: Although Durer made no innovations in these areas, he is notable as the first Northern European to treat matters of visual representation in a scientific way, and with understanding of Euclidean principles.
Sent 11: In addition to these geometrical constructions, Durer discusses in this last book of Underweysung der Messung an assortment of mechanisms for drawing in perspective from models and provides woodcut illustrations of these methods that are often reproduced in discussions of perspective.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles-paragraphs-wikiAlbert Einstein-14.txt)
Sent 1: After arriving in New York City, Einstein was taken to various places and events, including Chinatown, a lunch with the editors of the New York Times, and a performance of Carmen at the Metropolitan Opera, where he was cheered by the audience on his arrival.
Sent 2: During the days following, he was given the keys to the city by Mayor Jimmy Walker and met the president of Columbia University, who described Einstein as "The ruling monarch of the mind."
Sent 3: Harry Emerson Fosdick, pastor at New York's Riverside Church, gave Einstein a tour of the church and showed him a full-size statue that the church made of Einstein, standing at the entrance.
Sent 4: Also during his stay in New York, he joined a crowd of 15,000 people at Madison Square Garden during a Hanukkah celebration.
Sent 5: Einstein next traveled to California where he met Caltech president and Nobel laureate, Robert A. Millikan.
Sent 6: His friendship with Millikan was "awkward", as Millikan "had a penchant for patriotic militarism," where Einstein was a pronounced pacifist.
Sent 7: During an address to Caltech's students, Einstein noted that science was often inclined to do more harm than good.
Sent 8: This aversion to war also led Einstein to befriend author Upton Sinclair and film star Charlie Chaplin, both noted for their pacifism.
Sent 9: Carl Laemmle, head of Universal Studios, gave Einstein a tour of his studio and introduced him to Chaplin.
Sent 10: They had an instant rapport, with Chaplin inviting Einstein and his wife, Elsa, to his home for dinner.
Sent 11: Chaplin said Einstein's outward persona, calm and gentle, seemed to conceal a "highly emotional temperament," from which came his "extraordinary intellectual energy."
Sent 12: Chaplin also remembers Elsa telling him about the time Einstein conceived his theory of relativity.
Sent 13: During breakfast one morning, he seemed lost in thought and ignored his food.
Sent 14: She asked him if something was bothering him.
Sent 15: He sat down at his piano and started playing.
Sent 16: He continued playing and writing notes for half an hour, then went upstairs to his study, where he remained for two weeks, with Elsa bringing up his food.
Sent 17: At the end of the two weeks he came downstairs with two sheets of paper bearing his theory.
Sent 18: Chaplin's film, City Lights, was to premier a few days later in Hollywood, and Chaplin invited Einstein and Elsa to join him as his special guests.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles-paragraphs-wikiAlbania-66.txt)
Sent 1: The Albanians first appear in the historical record in Byzantine sources of the late 11th century.
Sent 2: At this point, they were already fully Christianized.
Sent 3: Islam later emerged as the majority religion during the centuries of Ottoman rule, though a significant Christian minority remained.
Sent 4: After independence (1912) from the Ottoman Empire, the Albanian republican, monarchic and later Communist regimes followed a systematic policy of separating religion from official functions and cultural life.
Sent 5: Albania never had an official state religion either as a republic or as a kingdom.
Sent 6: In the 20th century, the clergy of all faiths was weakened under the monarchy, and ultimately eradicated during the 1950s and 1960s, under the state policy of obliterating all organized religion from Albanian territories.
Sent 7: The Communist regime that took control of Albania after World War II persecuted and suppressed religious observance and institutions and entirely banned religion to the point where Albania was officially declared to be the world's first atheist state.
Sent 8: Religious freedom has returned to Albania since the regime's change in 1992.
Sent 9: Albania joined the Organisation of the Islamic Conference in 1992, following the fall of the communist government, but will not be attending the 2014 conference due a dispute regarding the fact that its parliament never ratified the country's membership.
Sent 10: Albanian Muslim populations (mainly secular and of the Sunni branch) are found throughout the country whereas Albanian Orthodox Christians as well as Bektashis are concentrated in the south and Roman Catholics are found in the north of the country.
Sent 11: The first recorded Albanian Protestant was Said Toptani, who traveled around Europe, and in 1853 returned to Tirana and preached Protestantism.
Sent 12: He was arrested and imprisoned by the Ottoman authorities in 1864.
Sent 13: Mainline evangelical Protestants date back to the work of Congregational and later Methodist missionaries and the work of the British and Foreign Bible Society in the 19th century.
Sent 14: The Evangelical Alliance, which is known as VUSh, was founded in 1892.
Sent 15: Today VUSh has about 160 member congregations from different Protestant denominations.
Sent 16: VUSh organizes marches in Tirana including one against blood feuds in 2010.
Sent 17: Bibles are provided by the Interconfessional Bible Society of Albania.
Sent 18: The first full Albanian Bible to be printed was the Filipaj translation printed in 1990.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles-paragraphs-wikiAlbert Einstein-90.txt)
Sent 1: In the period before World War II, the New York Times published a vignette in their "The Talk of the Town" feature saying that Einstein was so well known in America that he would be stopped on the street by people wanting him to explain "that theory".
Sent 2: He finally figured out a way to handle the incessant inquiries.
Sent 3: He told his inquirers "Pardon me, sorry!
Sent 4: Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein."
Sent 5: Einstein has been the subject of or inspiration for many novels, films, plays, and works of music.
Sent 6: He is a favorite model for depictions of mad scientists and absent-minded professors; his expressive face and distinctive hairstyle have been widely copied and exaggerated.
Sent 7: Time magazine's Frederic Golden wrote that Einstein was "a cartoonist's dream come true".

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles-paragraphs-wikiAlbert Einstein-28.txt)
Sent 1: Assisting Zionist causes Einstein was a figurehead leader in helping establish the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which opened in 1925, and was among its first Board of Governors.
Sent 2: Earlier, in 1921, he was asked by the biochemist and president of the World Zionist Organization, Chaim Weizmann, to help raise funds for the planned university.
Sent 3: He also submitted various suggestions as to its initial programs.
Sent 4: Among those, he advised first creating an Institute of Agriculture in order to settle the undeveloped land.
Sent 5: That should be followed, he suggested, by a Chemical Institute and an Institute of Microbiology, to fight the various ongoing epidemics such as malaria, which he called an "evil" that was undermining a third of the country's development.
Sent 6: Establishing an Oriental Studies Institute, to include language courses given in both Hebrew and Arabic, for scientific exploration of the country and its historical monuments, was also important.
Sent 7: Chaim Weizmann later became Israel's first president.
Sent 8: Upon his death while in office in November 1952 and at the urging of Ezriel Carlebach, Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion offered Einstein the position of President of Israel, a mostly ceremonial post.
Sent 9: The offer was presented by Israel's ambassador in Washington, Abba Eban, who explained that the offer "embodies the deepest respect which the Jewish people can repose in any of its sons".
Sent 10: Einstein declined, and wrote in his response that he was "deeply moved", and "at once saddened and ashamed" that he could not accept it.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles-paragraphs-wikiAlbrecht Durer-0.txt)
Sent 1: Albrecht Durer (/'dU@r@r, 'djU@r@r/; German: ['albRect 'dy:Ra]; 21 May 1471 - 6 April 1528) was a painter, printmaker and theorist of the German Renaissance.
Sent 2: Born in Nuremberg, Durer established his reputation and influence across Europe when he was still in his twenties, due to his high-quality woodcut prints.
Sent 3: He was in communication with the major Italian artists of his time, including Raphael, Giovanni Bellini and Leonardo da Vinci, and from 1512 he was patronized by emperor Maximilian I. His vast body of work includes engravings, his preferred technique in his later prints, altarpieces, portraits and self-portraits, watercolours and books.
Sent 4: The woodcuts, such as the Apocalypse series (1498), retain a more Gothic flavour than the rest of his work.
Sent 5: His well-known engravings include the Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation.
Sent 6: His watercolours also mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium.
Sent 7: Durer's introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, has secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance.
Sent 8: This is reinforced by his theoretical treatises, which involve principles of mathematics, perspective and ideal proportions.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexander the Great-66.txt)
Sent 1: Alexander married twice: Roxana, daughter of the Bactrian nobleman Oxyartes, out of love; and Stateira II, a Persian princess and daughter of Darius III of Persia, for political reasons.
Sent 2: He apparently had two sons, Alexander IV of Macedon of Roxana and, possibly, Heracles of Macedon from his mistress Barsine.
Sent 3: He lost another child when Roxana miscarried at Babylon.
Sent 4: Alexander also had a close relationship with his friend, general, and bodyguard Hephaestion, the son of a Macedonian noble.
Sent 5: Hephaestion's death devastated Alexander.
Sent 6: This event may have contributed to Alexander's failing health and detached mental state during his final months.
Sent 7: Alexander's sexuality has been the subject of speculation and controversy.
Sent 8: No ancient sources stated that Alexander had homosexual relationships, or that Alexander's relationship with Hephaestion was sexual.
Sent 9: Aelian, however, writes of Alexander's visit to Troy where "Alexander garlanded the tomb of Achilles and Hephaestion that of Patroclus, the latter riddling that he was a beloved of Alexander, in just the same way as Patroclus was of Achilles".
Sent 10: Noting that the word eromenos (ancient Greek for beloved) does not necessarily bear sexual meaning, Alexander may have been bisexual, which in his time was not controversial.
Sent 11: Green argues that there is little evidence in ancient sources that Alexander had much carnal interest in women; he did not produce an heir until the very end of his life.
Sent 12: However, he was relatively young when he died, and Ogden suggests that Alexander's matrimonial record is more impressive than his father's at the same age.
Sent 13: Apart from wives, Alexander had many more female companions.
Sent 14: Alexander accumulated a harem in the style of Persian kings, but he used it rather sparingly; showing great self-control in "pleasures of the body".
Sent 15: Nevertheless, Plutarch described how Alexander was infatuated by Roxana while complimenting him on not forcing himself on her.
Sent 16: Green suggested that, in the context of the period, Alexander formed quite strong friendships with women, including Ada of Caria, who adopted him, and even Darius's mother Sisygambis, who supposedly died from grief upon hearing of Alexander's death.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles-paragraphs-wikiAlbert Einstein-62.txt)
Sent 1: Einstein was displeased with quantum theory and mechanics (the very theory he helped create), despite its acceptance by other physicists, stating that God "is not playing at dice."
Sent 2: Einstein continued to maintain his disbelief in the theory, and attempted unsuccessfully to disprove it until he died at the age of 76.
Sent 3: In 1917, at the height of his work on relativity, Einstein published an article in Physikalische Zeitschrift that proposed the possibility of stimulated emission, the physical process that makes possible the maser and the laser.
Sent 4: This article showed that the statistics of absorption and emission of light would only be consistent with Planck's distribution law if the emission of light into a mode with n photons would be enhanced statistically compared to the emission of light into an empty mode.
Sent 5: This paper was enormously influential in the later development of quantum mechanics, because it was the first paper to show that the statistics of atomic transitions had simple laws.
Sent 6: Einstein discovered Louis de Broglie's work, and supported his ideas, which were received skeptically at first.
Sent 7: In another major paper from this era, Einstein gave a wave equation for de Broglie waves, which Einstein suggested was the Hamilton-Jacobi equation of mechanics.
Sent 8: This paper would inspire Schrodinger's work of 1926.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles-paragraphs-wikiAlbrecht Durer-8.txt)
Sent 1: His famous series of sixteen great designs for the Apocalypse is dated 1498, as is his engraving of St. Michael Fighting the Dragon.
Sent 2: He made the first seven scenes of the Great Passion in the same year, and a little later, a series of eleven on the Holy Family and saints.
Sent 3: The Seven Sorrows Polyptych, commissioned by Frederick III of Saxony in 1496, was executed by Durer and his assistants c.
Sent 4: Around 1503-1505 he produced the first seventeen of a set illustrating the Life of the Virgin, which he did not finish for some years.
Sent 5: Neither these, nor the Great Passion, were published as sets until several years later, but prints were sold individually in considerable numbers.
Sent 6: During the same period Durer trained himself in the difficult art of using the burin to make engravings.
Sent 7: It is possible he had begun learning this skill during his early training with his father, as it was also an essential skill of the goldsmith.
Sent 8: In 1496 he executed the Prodigal Son, which the Italian Renaissance art historian Giorgio Vasari singled out for praise some decades later, noting its Germanic quality.
Sent 9: He was soon producing some spectacular and original images, notably Nemesis (1502), The Sea Monster (1498), and Saint Eustace (c.
Sent 10: 1501), with a highly detailed landscape background and animals.
Sent 11: His landscapes of this period, such as Pond in the Woods and Willow Mill, are quite different from his earlier watercolours.
Sent 12: There is a much greater emphasis on capturing atmosphere, rather than depicting topography.
Sent 13: He made a number of Madonnas, single religious figures, and small scenes with comic peasant figures.
Sent 14: Prints are highly portable and these works made Durer famous throughout the main artistic centres of Europe within a very few years.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexis de Tocqueville-27.txt)
Sent 1: Tocqueville thought the conquest of Algeria was important for two reasons: first, his understanding of the international situation and France's position in the world, and, second, changes in French society.
Sent 2: Tocqueville believed that war and colonization would "restore national pride, threatened", he believed, by "The gradual softening of social mores" in the middle classes.
Sent 3: Their taste for "material pleasures" was spreading to the whole of society, giving it "an example of weakness and egotism".
Sent 4: Applauding the methods of General Bugeaud, Tocqueville went so far to claim that "war in Africa is a science.
Sent 5: Everyone is familiar with its rules and everyone can apply those rules with almost complete certainty of success.
Sent 6: One of the greatest services that Field Marshal Bugeaud has rendered his country is to have spread, perfected and made everyone aware of this new science."
Sent 7: Tocqueville advocated racial segregation in Algeria with two distinct legislations, one for European colonists and one for the Arab population.
Sent 8: Such a two-tier arrangement would be fully realised with the 1870 Cremieux decree and the Indigenousness Code, which extended French citizenship to European settlers and Algerian Jews, whereas Muslim Algerians would be governed by Muslim law and restricted to a second-class citizenship.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexander II of Russia-23.txt)
Sent 1: Alexander II's death caused a great setback for the reform movement.
Sent 2: One of his last ideas was to draft plans for an elected parliament, or Duma, which were completed the day before he died but not yet released to the Russian people.
Sent 3: In a matter of 48 hours, Alexander II planned to release his plan for the duma to the Russian people.
Sent 4: Had he lived, Russia might have followed a path to constitutional monarchy instead of the long road of oppression that defined his successor's reign.
Sent 5: The first action Alexander III took after his father's death was to tear up those plans.
Sent 6: A Duma would not come into fruition until 1905, when Alexander II's grandson, Nicholas II, commissioned the Duma following extreme pressure on the monarchy as a result of the Russian Revolution of 1905.
Sent 7: The assassination triggered major suppression of civil liberties in Russia, and police brutality burst back in full force after experiencing some restraint under the reign of Alexander II, whose death was witnessed first-hand by his son, Alexander III, and his grandson, Nicholas II, both future emperors who vowed not to have the same fate befall them.
Sent 8: Both of them used the Okhrana to arrest protestors and uproot suspected rebel groups, creating further suppression of personal freedom for the Russian people.
Sent 9: A series of anti-Jewish pogroms and antisemitic legislation, the May Laws, were yet another result.
Sent 10: Finally, the tsar's assassination also inspired anarchists to advocate "'propaganda by deed'--the use of a spectacular act of violence to incite revolution."
Sent 11: With construction starting in 1883, the Church of the Savior on Blood was built on the site of Alexander's assassination and dedicated in his memory.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles-paragraphs-wikiAlbania-71.txt)
Sent 1: Albanian was proved to be an Indo-European language in 1854 by the German philologist Franz Bopp.
Sent 2: The Albanian language comprises its own branch of the Indo-European language family.
Sent 3: Some scholars believe that Albanian derives from Illyrian while others claim that it derives from Daco-Thracian.
Sent 4: (Illyrian and Daco-Thracian, however, might have been closely related languages; see Thraco-Illyrian.) Establishing longer relations, Albanian is often compared to Balto-Slavic on the one hand and Germanic on the other, both of which share a number of isoglosses with Albanian.
Sent 5: Moreover, Albanian has undergone a vowel shift in which stressed, long o has fallen to a, much like in the former and opposite the latter.
Sent 6: Likewise, Albanian has taken the old relative jos and innovatively used it exclusively to qualify adjectives, much in the way Balto-Slavic has used this word to provide the definite ending of adjectives.
Sent 7: The cultural renaissance was first of all expressed through the development of the Albanian language in the area of church texts and publications, mainly of the Catholic region in the North, but also of the Orthodox in the South.
Sent 8: The Protestant reforms invigorated hopes for the development of the local language and literary tradition when cleric Gjon Buzuku brought into the Albanian language the Catholic liturgy, trying to do for the Albanian language what Luther did for German.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles-paragraphs-wikiAlbert Einstein-66.txt)
Sent 1: General relativity includes a dynamical spacetime, so it is difficult to see how to identify the conserved energy and momentum.
Sent 2: Noether's theorem allows these quantities to be determined from a Lagrangian with translation invariance, but general covariance makes translation invariance into something of a gauge symmetry.
Sent 3: The energy and momentum derived within general relativity by Noether's presecriptions do not make a real tensor for this reason.
Sent 4: Einstein argued that this is true for fundamental reasons, because the gravitational field could be made to vanish by a choice of coordinates.
Sent 5: He maintained that the non-covariant energy momentum pseudotensor was in fact the best description of the energy momentum distribution in a gravitational field.
Sent 6: This approach has been echoed by Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz, and others, and has become standard.
Sent 7: The use of non-covariant objects like pseudotensors was heavily criticized in 1917 by Erwin Schrodinger and others.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexander the Great-82.txt)
Sent 1: Alexander the Great's accomplishments and legacy have been depicted in many cultures.
Sent 2: Alexander has figured in both high and popular culture beginning in his own era to the present day.
Sent 3: The Alexander Romance, in particular, has had a significant impact on portrayals of Alexander in later cultures, from Persian to medieval European to modern Greek.
Sent 4: Alexander may already have considered himself as the "King of Asia" after his victory at Issos, a conception strengthened by his subsequent successes.
Sent 5: The conception might have inspired the title given to Alexander in Babylonian documents, "king of the world (since "king of Asia" had no meaning in Babylonian geography).
Sent 6: It might also be alluded in the sarcastic comments by Anaxarchus, trying to rouse Alexander after the murder of Cleitus.
Sent 7: or in the orator Demades' comments that if Alexander were dead, "The whole world would stink of his corpse".
Sent 8: Alexander is called "kosmokrator", ruler of the world, in the later Alexander Romance.
Sent 9: Alexander features prominently in modern Greek folklore, more so than any other ancient figure.
Sent 10: The colloquial form of his name in modern Greek ("O Megalexandros") is a household name, and he is the only ancient hero to appear in the Karagiozis shadow play.
Sent 11: One well-known fable among Greek seamen involves a solitary mermaid who would grasp a ship's prow during a storm and ask the captain "Is King Alexander alive?".
Sent 12: The correct answer is "He is alive and well and rules the world!", causing the mermaid to vanish and the sea to calm.
Sent 13: Any other answer would cause the mermaid to turn into a raging Gorgon who would drag the ship to the bottom of the sea, all hands aboard.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexander Pushkin-15.txt)
Sent 1: Honours and legacy In 1929, Soviet writer Leonid Grossman published a novel The d'Archiac Papers, telling the story of Pushkin's death from the perspective of a French diplomat, being a participant and a witness of the fatal duel.
Sent 2: The book describes him as a liberal and a victim of the Tsarist regime.
Sent 3: In Poland the book was published under the title Death of the Poet.
Sent 4: In 1937, the town of Tsarskoye Selo was renamed Pushkin in his honour.
Sent 5: There are several museums in Russia dedicated to Pushkin, including two in Moscow, one in Saint Petersburg, and a large complex in Mikhaylovskoye.
Sent 6: Pushkin's death was portrayed in the 2006 biographical film Pushkin: The Last Duel.
Sent 7: The film was directed by Natalya Bondarchuk.
Sent 8: Pushkin was portrayed onscreen by Sergei Bezrukov.
Sent 9: The Pushkin Trust was established in 1987 by the Duchess of Abercorn to commemorate the creative legacy and spirit of her ancestor and to release the creativity and imagination of the children of Ireland by providing them with opportunities to communicate their thoughts, feelings and experiences.
Sent 10: A minor planet, 2208 Pushkin, discovered in 1977 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh, is named after him.
Sent 11: A crater on Mercury is also named in his honour.
Sent 12: MS Alexandr Pushkin, second ship of the Russian Ivan Franko class (also referred to as "poet" or "writer" class).
Sent 13: Station of Tashkent metro was named in his honour.
Sent 14: The Pushkin Hills and Pushkin Lake were named in his honour in Ben Nevis Township, Cochrane District, in Ontario, Canada.
Sent 15: UN Russian Language Day, established by the United Nations in 2010 and celebrated each year on 6 June, was scheduled to coincide with Pushkin's birthday.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles-paragraphs-wikiAlbert Camus-10.txt)
Sent 1: Literary career During the war Camus joined the French Resistance cell Combat, which published an underground newspaper of the same name.
Sent 2: This group worked against the Nazis, and in it Camus assumed the nom de guerre Beauchard.
Sent 3: Camus became the paper's editor in 1943.
Sent 4: He first met Sartre at the dress rehearsal of Sartre's play, The Flies, in June 1943.
Sent 5: When the Ailies liberated Paris in August 1944, Camus witnessed and reported the last of the fighting.
Sent 6: Soon after the event on 6 August 1945, he was one of the few French editors to publicly express opposition and disgust to the United States' dropping the atomic bomb in Hiroshima.
Sent 7: He resigned from Combat in 1947 when it became a commercial paper.
Sent 8: After the war, Camus began frequenting the Cafe de Flore on the Boulevard Saint-Germain in Paris with Sartre and others.
Sent 9: He also toured the United States to lecture about French thought.
Sent 10: Although he leaned left, politically, his strong criticisms of Communist doctrine did not win him any friends in the Communist parties and eventually alienated Sartre.
Sent 11: In 1949, his tuberculosis returned, whereupon he lived in seclusion for two years.
Sent 12: In 1951, he published The Rebel, a philosophical analysis of rebellion and revolution which expressed his rejection of communism.
Sent 13: Upsetting many of his colleagues and contemporaries in France, the book brought about the final split with Sartre.
Sent 14: The dour reception depressed Camus; he began to translate plays.
Sent 15: Camus's first significant contribution to philosophy was his idea of the absurd.
Sent 16: He saw it as the result of our desire for clarity and meaning within a world and condition that offers neither, which he expressed in The Myth of Sisyphus and incorporated into many of his other works, such as The Stranger and The Plague.
Sent 17: Despite his split from his "study partner", Sartre, Camus was still categorized as an Existentialist.
Sent 18: He specifically rejected that label in his essay "Enigma" and elsewhere.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexander Hamilton-48.txt)
Sent 1: In 1990, the U.S. Custom House in New York City was renamed after Hamilton.
Sent 2: In 1880, his son John Church Hamilton commissioned Carl Conrads to sculpt a granite statue, now located in Central Park, New York City.
Sent 3: One statue honoring Alexander Hamilton in Chicago was mired in controversy, at least concerning the surrounding architecture.
Sent 4: Kate Sturges Buckingham (1858-1937), of the Buckingham Fountain family, commissioned the monument.
Sent 5: Its impetus was that Treasury Secretary Hamilton "secured the nation's financial future and made it possible for her own family to make its fortune in grain elevators and banking.
Sent 6: Consequently, John Angel was hired to model a figurative sculpture and the Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen was to create a "colossal architectural setting" for it.
Sent 7: The proposed 80-foot tall columned shelter was poorly received.
Sent 8: By Ms. Buckingham's death in 1937, the sculpture's setting.
Sent 9: location and design were uncertain.
Sent 10: Conspiracy allegations surfaced, and the matter became mired in litigation.
Sent 11: After the courts ordered the construction to be completed by 1953, the trustees hired architect Samuel A. Marx.
Sent 12: The structure was completed, had structural problems, and was eventually demolished in 1993.
Sent 13: The statue was gilded, and is still on display.
Sent 14: A statue, by James Earle Fraser, was dedicated on May 17, 1923, on the south terrace of the Treasury Building, in Washington.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexander Hamilton-51.txt)
Sent 1: Hamilton argued that the natural faculties of blacks were as good as those of free whites, and he warned that the British would arm the slaves if the patriots did not.
Sent 2: In his 21st-century biography, Chernow cites this incident as evidence that Hamilton and Laurens saw the Revolution and the struggle against slavery as inseparable.
Sent 3: Hamilton attacked his political opponents as demanding freedom for themselves and refusing to allow it to blacks.
Sent 4: In January 1785, Hamilton attended the second meeting of the New York Manumission Society (NYMS).
Sent 5: John Jay was president and Hamilton was the first secretary and later became president.
Sent 6: Chernow notes how the membership soon included many of Hamilton's friends and associates.
Sent 7: Hamilton was a member of the committee of the society that petitioned the legislature to end the slave trade, and that succeeded in passing legislation banning the export of slaves from New York.
Sent 8: In the same period, Hamilton felt bound by the rule of law of the time and his law practice facilitated the return of a fugitive slave to Henry Laurens of South Carolina.
Sent 9: He opposed the compromise at the 1787 Constitutional Convention by which the federal government could not abolish the slave trade for 20 years, and was disappointed when he lost that argument.
Sent 10: Hamilton never supported forced emigration for freed slaves.
Sent 11: Horton has argued from this that he would be comfortable with a multiracial society, and that this distinguished him from his contemporaries.
Sent 12: In international affairs, he supported Toussaint L'Ouverture's black government in Haiti after the revolt that overthrew French control, as he had supported aid to the slaveowners in 1791--both measures hurt France.
Sent 13: Scant evidence has been interpreted by a few to indicate Hamilton may have owned household slaves, as did many wealthy New Yorkers (the evidence for this is indirect; McDonald interprets it as referring to paid employees).

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Sent 1: Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSH) is the public radio and TV broadcaster of Albania, founded by King Zog in 1938.
Sent 2: RTSH runs three analogue television stations as TVSH Televizioni Shqiptar, four digital thematic stations as RTSH, and three radio stations using the name Radio Tirana.
Sent 3: In addition, 4 regional radio stations serve in the four extremities of Albania.
Sent 4: The international service broadcasts radio programmes in Albanian and seven other languages via medium wave (AM) and short wave (SW).
Sent 5: The international service has used the theme from the song "Keputa nje gjethe dafine" as its signature tune.
Sent 6: The international television service via satellite was launched since 1993 and aims at Albanian communities in Kosovo, Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro and northern Greece, plus the Albanian diaspora in the rest of Europe.
Sent 7: RTSH has a past of being heavily influenced by the ruling party in its reporting, whether that party be left or right wing.
Sent 8: According to the Albanian Media Authority, AMA, Albania has an estimated 257 media outlets, including 66 radio stations and 67 television stations, with three national, 62 local and more than 50 cable TV stations.
Sent 9: Last years Albania has organized several shows as a part of worldwide series like Dancing with the Stars, Big Brother Albania, Albanians Got Talent, The Voice of Albania, and X Factor Albania.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexander the Great-26.txt)
Sent 1: When Alexander destroyed Tyre, most of the towns on the route to Egypt quickly capitulated.
Sent 2: A later tradition recorded his entry into Jerusalem: according to Josephus, Alexander was shown the Book of Daniel's prophecy, presumably chapter 8, which described a mighty Greek king who would conquer the Persian Empire.
Sent 3: He spared Jerusalem and pushed south into Egypt.
Sent 4: However, Alexander met with resistance at Gaza.
Sent 5: The stronghold was heavily fortified and built on a hill, requiring a siege.
Sent 6: When "his engineers pointed out to him that because of the height of the mound it would be impossible... this encouraged Alexander all the more to make the attempt".
Sent 7: After three unsuccessful assaults, the stronghold fell, but not before Alexander had received a serious shoulder wound.
Sent 8: As in Tyre, men of military age were put to the sword and the women and children were sold into slavery.
Sent 9: Alexander advanced on Egypt in later 332 BC, where he was regarded as a liberator.
Sent 10: He was pronounced son of the deity Amun at the Oracle of Siwa Oasis in the Libyan desert.
Sent 11: Henceforth, Alexander often referred to Zeus-Ammon as his true father, and after his death, currency depicted him adorned with rams horn as a symbol of his divinity.
Sent 12: During his stay in Egypt, he founded Alexandria-by-Egypt, which would become the prosperous capital of the Ptolemaic Kingdom after his death.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles-paragraphs-wikiAlbrecht Durer-7.txt)
Sent 1: On his return to Nuremberg in 1495, Durer opened his own workshop (being married was a requirement for this).
Sent 2: Over the next five years his style increasingly integrated Italian influences into underlying Northern forms.
Sent 3: Durer's father died in 1502, and his mother died in 1513.
Sent 4: His best works in the first years of the workshop were his woodcut prints, mostly religious, but including secular scenes such as The Men's Bath House (ca.
Sent 5: 1496).
Sent 6: These were larger and more finely cut than the great majority of German woodcuts hitherto, and far more complex and balanced in composition.
Sent 7: It is now thought unlikely that Durer cut any of the woodblocks himself; this task would have been performed by a specialist craftsman.
Sent 8: However, his training in Wolgemut's studio, which made many carved and painted altarpieces and both designed and cut woodblocks for woodcut, evidently gave him great understanding of what the technique could be made to produce, and how to work with block cutters.
Sent 9: Durer either drew his design directly onto the woodblock itself, or glued a paper drawing to the block.
Sent 10: Either way, his drawings were destroyed during the cutting of the block.

Paragraph: (Wiki_articles/wikiAlexander the Great-75.txt)
Sent 1: Some of the most unusual effects of Hellenization can be seen in Afghanistan and India, in the region of the relatively late-arising Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (250 BC-125 BC) in modern Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan and the Greco-Indian Kingdom (180 BC - 10 CE) in modern Afghanistan and India.
Sent 2: There on the newly formed Silk Road Greek culture apparently hybridized with Indian, and especially Buddhist culture.
Sent 3: The resulting syncretism known as Greco-Buddhism heavily influenced the development of Buddhism and created a culture of Greco-Buddhist art.
Sent 4: These Greco-Buddhist kingdoms sent some of the first Buddhist missionaries to China, Sri Lanka, and the Mediterranean (Greco-Buddhist monasticism).
Sent 5: The first figural portrayals of the Buddha, previously avoided by Buddhists, appeared at this time; they were modeled on Greek statues of Apollo.
Sent 6: Several Buddhist traditions may have been influenced by the ancient Greek religion: the concept of Boddhisatvas is reminiscent of Greek divine heroes, and some Mahayana ceremonial practices (burning incense, gifts of flowers, and food placed on altars) are similar to those practiced by the ancient Greeks.
Sent 7: One Greek king, Menander I, probably became Buddhist, and was immortalized in Buddhist literature as 'Milinda'.
Sent 8: The process of Hellenization extended to the sciences, where ideas from Greek astronomy filtered eastward and had profoundly influenced Indian astronomy by the early centuries AD.
Sent 9: For example, Greek astronomical instruments dating to the 3rd century BC were found in the Greco-Bactrian city of Ai Khanoum in modern-day Afghanistan while the Greek concept of a spherical earth surrounded by the spheres of planets was adopted in India and eventually supplanted the long-standing Indian cosmological belief of a flat and circular earth.
Sent 10: The Yavanajataka and Paulisa Siddhanta texts in particular show Greek influence.